Russian language

Russian (русскій ѧзъик or русский ѧзык, IPA: [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk], also occasionally called "Moscow" or "Muscovite") is an East Slavic language. It is the native language of the Russians and the official language of RSFSR and the Russian State. Russian is also used widely by the Russian diaspora across the world and is commonly used as a lingua franca across all of the ex-Russian Empire territories.

Keine Zeit's Russian is pretty much unchanged. The biggest differences are that it uses a different type of Civic script and different Russian countries use different (but similar) editions of the Russian orthography. This article is dedicated to covering these editions and how to use them.

Alphabets
Petrin script

As of 1930, the Russian language uses two (three, if you count the Cossack version separately) layouts of the Cyrillic alphabet: "Imperial Russian" and "Soviet Russian", respectively. Both take their origin from the spelling reform of 1910, the main difference is in the implementation of its principles:
 * Imperial Russian was frozen in the first stage: only the letters "Ѵ", "Ф" and "З" were excluded from the circulation. The letter “Ъ” is still used at the end of words, but its use is sporadic and unregulated, depending solely on the author's political worldview. Digraphs “ЪІ” and “ЪИ” are only used in Kazakia, while the Russian State has replaced them with a unified digraph “ЪІ”.
 * The greater influence of reactionary conservatism in Kazakia also led to the spread of "church" Russian writing, that is, writing with the inclusion of the letters "Ѵ", "Ф" and "З" according to the norms of Church Slavonic. However since most people don't know the exact rules of where to put it, texts with these letters are rather a sign that the writer is knowledgeable of Church Slavonic in general.
 * Soviet Russian accelerated the reform, including parts of it which were planned to be done much later. Letters “Ѵ”, “Ф”, “З”, “І”, “Ѣ” and “Ъ” and the end of words are excluded from circulation. Digraphs “ЪІ”, “ЪИ” and “ІО” were also excluded and replaced with singular letters “Ы” and “ІО”.

Cyrillic
The Cyrillic alphabet of the Russian language has 32 letters, three digraphs and two letters with diacritics. Unlike Ukrainian and Moldovan languages, Cyrillic letters are not used as numerals. The spelling is mostly similar to that of the pre-revolutionary Russian:

The status of diacritics is still a hotly contested topic. Historically, de jure, it is ill-advised to use “Й” and “і”, preferring the readers to either guess the sound from context or don’t guess at all, but de facto writers and publishers use diacritics not only in personal writing but in print as well, not to mention that most people are at the very least comfortable using “Й”. The latest edition of Petrovka orthography recommends using diacritics in texts primarily intended for children, texts with stress marks, and in cases where an incorrect understanding of the word is possible. In Soviet Russian, the use of "Й" is normative.

Latin
The romanization plan known as the "Jakovlëv system" was presented in November 1929, and approved in December of the same year as one of the two official systems of the RSFSR. It is planned that Latin and Cyrillic will be printed together, and eventually Latin will push Cyrillic out of everyday use. The Soviet Latin alphabet has 30 letters and one digraph

Braille
As the language of an empire, the Russian language was one of the first countries to introduce Braille script for itself. It was first adapted by knyaz Denis Obolensky in 1861, but the final edition was made by Yekaterina Trumberg and approved only in 1881. It has changed little since its introduction: the Bolsheviks only removed the "pre-revolutionary" letters from it.

Most Braille scripts of the USSR and the former Russian Empire come from Russian.


 * 1) Letters "І", "Ъ" та "Ѣ" are only used by the Russian State and Kazakia.
 * 2) Letter "Ö" is only used by RSFSR.

Morse
Morse code was adopted by the Russians in 1856, with the spread of the telegraph.


 * 1) Letter "Ѣ" doesn't have an equivalent in Morse. The letter "E/Ë" is used instead.
 * 2) Letter "Ö" and digraph "ІО" don't have an equivalent in Morse. The letter "О" is used instead.

How to write in Imperial Russian
Compared to Ukrainian orthography, the language and orthography of Petrovka will look familiar to anyone that knows pre-revolutionary Russian orthography, other than the aforementioned changes, but Petrovka also differs from Modern Russian Language (mrl) in other ways:

Letters

 * Letters “З”, “Ф” and “Я” are replaced with “Ѕ”, “Ѳ” та “Ѧ” in all cases.
 * Attempts at changing “IO” with a specialized letter failed. This digraph continues to be used in all cases.
 * Letter “Ѵ” is removed.
 * Letter “Ъ” is stopped being used as a final symbol in a word after a consonant and only remains as a punctuation mark to separate iotated vowels from previous consonants.
 * Letter “Ы” is replaced with digraphs “ЪІ” and “ЪИ”, which are placed according to standard positioning rules or however the writer sees fit in less literary writing.
 * Yat and all the rules regarding it (see below) are still in use.

Stylistic changes

 * When abbreviating, always have to put dots after every word, so, for example, when abbreviating “Министерство народного просвещения (Ministry of National Education)” you write “Мин. Нар. Пр.” instead of “миннарпрос”.
 * In our Russian printing, the use of a period at the end of the title is not allowed. It is in their Russian: write "Предисловие." instead of "Предисловие".

Suffixes, prefixes, etc.

 * "её" is written like "еѧ", and "неё" — неѧ respectively.
 * The ending “-аго” is used instead of “-ого” if it’s unstressed, with the only exception being the words “этого (that)” and  “этакого (such)”.
 * (mro) подзе́много, земно́го — (mro) подѕе́мнаго, ѕемно́го (underground, earthly)
 * Write endings “-аго”, “-агосѧ” instead of “-его”, “-егося” after sibilants Ж, Ш, Ч, Щ.
 * (mro) павшего — (po) павшаго (fallen in the line of duty)
 * (mro) вещего — (po) вѣщаго (prophetic)
 * (mro) учащегося — (po) учащагосѧ (learning)
 * We write endings “-ѧго”, “ѧгосѧ” everywhere other than the following words: “вашего (yours)”, “всего (all)”, “его (his)”, “моего (mine)”, “нашего (ours)”, “него (him)”, “нечего (nothing to do, no need to)”, “ничего (nothing, never mind)”, “своего (my own)”, “сего (this)”, “твоего (yours)” та “чего (what)”
 * (mro) синего — (po) синѧго. (of blue smth)
 * (mro) среднего — (po) среднѧго. (of middle)
 * In feminine and neuter genders, the endings “ъıе”, “ıе”, “ıесѧ” are replaced with “ъıѧ”, “ıѧ”, “ıѧсѧ”.
 * (mro) новые лёгкие песни — (po) новъıѧ лıогкıѧ пѣсни (new light songs)
 * (mro) пресмыкающиеся — (po) пресмъикающıѧсѧ. (reptiles)
 * Prefixes “иѕ-”, “воѕ-”, “раѕ-”, “роѕ-” and “ниѕ-” keep the letter “ѕ” when it is followed by the letter “с”
 * (mro) рассказ — (po) раѕскаѕъ. (story)
 * (mro) воссоединить — (po) воѕсоединить. (reunite)
 * Prefixes “беѕ-”, “череѕ-”, “чреѕ-” always keep their letter “ѕ”
 * (mro) бесполезный — (po) беѕполеѕнъıй. (useless)
 * (mro) чересчур — (po) череѕчуръ. (too much)
 * Compound adjectives with the conjunctions o and e, denoting shades of colours, are written without a hyphen.
 * (mro) тёмно-красный, сине-зелёный — (po) тıомнокрасный, синеѕелıоный. (dark blue, bluish green)
 * The plural endings -ра is replaced with -ръı, -хи with -ха, -ты with -та
 * (mro) цехи — (po) цеха.
 * (mro) торты - (po) торта.
 * (mro) кондуктора, доктора, дома - (po) кондукторы, докторы, домы.

Correct spelling of words

 * "то есть" is written with a hyphen like so: "то-есть".
 * "адэкватнъıй, диэта, лэди, пенснэ" is written instead of modern "адекватный, диета, леди, пенсне".
 * Same with (mrl) "мэр" — "мер".
 * (mrl) "бильярд" — "биллиард".
 * (mrl) "вариант" — "варьѧнт".
 * (mrl) "лояльный" — "лойѧльнъıй".
 * (mrl) "не хватает, за границей" — "нехватает, ѕаграницей".
 * (mrl) "по-видимому, по-прежнему, по-пустому" — "повидимому, попрежнему, попустому".
 * (mrl) "вовремя, вовсю, восвояси" — "во-времѧ, во-всю, во-своѧси".
 * (mrl) "на днях" — "на-днѧх".
 * (mrl) "бортмеханик" та "метрдотель" — "борт-механик", "метр-д-отель".
 * (mrl) "панцирь, цинга, циновка, цирюльник" — "панцъирь, цъинга, цъиновка, цъирюльник".
 * (mrl) "жёлудь, чёрт" — "жолудь, чорт".
 * (mrl) "идти" — "итти".
 * (mrl) "асбест" — "аѕбест".
 * (mrl) "мотыга" — "мотъика".
 * (mrl) "заведовать" — "ѕаведъивать".
 * (mrl) "танцевать, каравай, плавучий" — "танцовать, коровай, пловучий".
 * (mrl) "снегирь" — "снигирь".
 * Some geographical names are written with a hyphen or just differentely:
 * (mrl) Чехословакия — Чехо-Словакıѧ.
 * (mrl) Югославия — Юго-Славıѧ.
 * (mrl) Нижневолжская область — Нижне-Волжскаѧ область.
 * (mrl) Дальневосточная Республика — Дальне-Восточнаѧ Республика.
 * (mrl) Каракалпакская АО — Кара-Калпакскаѧ АО.
 * (mrl) Соединённые Штаты Америки — Северо-Американскıѧ Соединıоннъıе Штатъı

How to use Ѣ
Letter “Ѣ” (yat) is pronounced the same way as “Е” and is written mostly etymologically in native Russian words (as well as in particles and declension). There is no generalized set of rules regarding the correct usage of this letter. Most pupils just had to memorize the correct placement by heart.

Words and roots in which you need to write Yat:


 * Апрѣль (April), Алексѣй (Alexis).
 * Блѣднъıй (pale), бесѣда (interview).
 * бѣг-, бѣж- (бѣгъ (running), бѣженецъ (refugee), убѣжище (shelter), etc.), but “бежевъıй (beige)” (loanword);
 * бѣд- (бѣда (trouble), бѣднъıй (poor), побѣда (victory), убѣдить (to convince), обѣдъ (dinner), etc.);
 * бѣл- (бѣлъıй (white), бѣлка (squirrel), бѣлена (henbane), etc.), but “белладонна (belladonna)” (loanword);
 * бѣт- (обѣтъ (vow), обѣщать (to promise)),
 * бѣсъ (imp), вѕбѣситьсѧ (go mad), бѣшенство (madness) but “балбес (dunce)” (compound word);
 * Вѣна (capital of Austria), вѣко (eyelid), вѣнецъ (women’s ornate crown), вѣнчать (marry), вѣно (payment for the bride), вѣнокъ (wreath), вѣникъ (broom), вѣѧть (winnow), овѣвать (to fan smth.), вѣтеръ (wind), всѣ (all), воѕгнѣтать (ignite)
 * вѣд- and derivatives: вѣж-, вѣст- и т. д. (вѣдать (to know), совѣсть (conscience), вѣдьма (witch), невѣста (bride), вѣжливъıй (polite), невѣжда (ignoramus), свѣжій (fresh), вѣщій (clairvoyant), медвѣдь (bear), etc.) but “веду (за руку)” (to take someone by hand), “весталка (vestal)” (loanword), “праведникъ (righteous)” (not a prefix);
 * вѣкъ (вѣчнъıй (eternal), человѣкъ (person), увѣчить (mutilate), etc.);
 * вѣр- (вѣра (faith), вѣрно (correct), вѣроѧтно (probably), etc.) but: “вертѣть (twirl)”, “вернуть (to return)”;
 * вѣс- (навѣсъ, вѣшать, вѣсти, etc.);
 * вѣт- (вѣтвь, вѣтка, etc.) but: “ветхıй”, “ветошь”;
 * Глѣбъ (Gleb (name)), гнѣдой (chestnut-coloured horse), гнѣѕдо (nest), гнѣѕда (nests), гдѣ (where).
 * гнѣв-
 * грѣх- (грѣшникъ (sinner), etc.)
 * Днѣпръ (Dnieper), Днѣстръ (Dniester).
 * дѣва (maiden), дѣдъ (grandfather), ѕлодѣй (villain) and derivatives (дѣвственнъıй (virgin), дѣдичи (direct heirs to grandfather), ѕлодѣйскıй (villainous))
 * дѣвать, дѣть (do away), надѣвать (to wear), одѣть(to wear), одѣѧло (blanket) but “одежда (clothing)”
 * дѣѧть (to act), надѣѧтьсѧ (to hope) but “надежда (hope)”
 * двѣ (two), двѣнадцать (twelve)
 * дѣл- (дѣло (case), дѣлить (share), недѣлѧ (week), предѣлъ (betrayed), въидѣлѧть (highlight), дѣйство (theatre act), содѣѧннъıй (committed), etc.)
 * дѣт- (дѣти (children), дѣтскıй (childs), дѣтьсѧ (to go away), etc.)
 * Елисѣй (Elisha), Еремѣй (Jeremiah).
 * Желѣѕо (iron) and derivatives (желѣѕнъıй) but “желеѕа” (glands)
 * Ѕвѣѕда (star), ѕвѣѕдъı (stars), ѕвѣрь (beast), ѕдѣсь (here), ѕмѣй (serpent), ѕрѣть (ripen), ротоѕѣй, ѕѣло (very).
 * ѕагнѣтка, but: “гньотъ” (bend)
 * ѕѣница (pupil), but: “ѕенитъ (zenith)”
 * ѕатѣѧ (scheme) (ѕатѣйникъ)
 * ѕѣв- (ѕѣвать (yawn))
 * Индѣецъ (Indian)
 * Колѣно (knee)
 * калѣ- (калѣка (crippled), калѣчить (to cripple))
 * клѣ- (клѣтка (cage), клѣть (pantry))
 * крѣп- (крѣпость (fortress), крѣпкıй (hard), etc.)
 * Лелѣѧть (to pamper), лѣнь (laziness), лѣѕть (to climb), лѣстница (ladder), лѣха (бороѕда) (furrow)
 * лѣсъ (forest), but: “леска” (line)
 * лѣв- (лѣвъıй (left)) but: “левъ” (animal)
 * лѣп- (лѣпить (to sculpt), нелѣпо (ridiculous), слѣпой (blind), великолѣпнъıй (great), etc.)
 * лѣт- (лѣто (summer), десѧтилѣтıе (decade), etc.) but: “летать” (fly)
 * лѣч- (лѣкарь (doctor), лѣчить (to heal)) but: “прилечь” (to lie down)
 * Матвѣй (Matthew), мѣдь (copper), мѣсѧцъ (month), мѣхъ (fur), мѣшокъ (sack), мѣшкать (linger)
 * мѣл- (powder or chalk) but: “мелкıй (small)”, “мıолъ (courtyard)”, “мельница (mill)”
 * мѣн- (обмѣнѧть (to exchange), мѣна (swap), etc.)
 * мѣр- (мѣра (measure), намѣренıе (intention), примѣръ (example), etc.)
 * мѣс-, мѣш- (мѣсить (to knead), мѣшать (to obstruct), мѣшокъ (sack), смѣсь (mixture), etc.)
 * мѣст-, мѣщ- (вмѣсто (instead), ѕамѣститель (deputy), мѣщанинъ (burgher), смѣщенıе (shift), etc.) but: “въимести (sweep away)”, “месть (revenge)”
 * мѣт- («ѕамѣчать» (to notice), but not «метать» (to throw)), (мѣтко (aptly), помѣтка (mark), etc. but: “опрометью” (headlong))
 * мнѣнıе (opinion) (from the word “мнѣти”)
 * Нѣманъ (Nemunas), нѣга (bliss), нѣдра (subsoil), внѣдрѧть (embed)
 * нѣжнъıй (soft) and derivatives (нѣжитьсѧ, нѣжность, etc.)
 * нѣтъ (no) and derivatives (отнѣкиватьсѧ, etc.)
 * нѣм- (нѣмой (mute), нѣмецъ (German), etc.)
 * prefix нѣ- (нѣкто (someone), нѣчто (something), нѣкоторъıй (some), нѣсколько (several), нѣкогда (sometime), нѣгдѣ (somewhere)), but: “некѣмъ (no one to replace)”, “негдѣ (no free space)”, “некогда (no time to do smth.)”
 * Онѣ (he), однѣ (only), обѣ (both).
 * орѣх- (орѣшникъ (hazel), ...)
 * Печенѣгъ (Pecheneg), пѣгıй (piebald), пѣна (foam), пѣнѧѕь (foaming), пѣстовать (foster), плѣнъ (captivity), плѣсень (mould), плѣшь (bald head), полѣно (log), прѣснъıй (flavourless)
 * пѣть (to sing) and derivatives (пѣвецъ (singer), пѣснѧ (song), пѣтухъ (rooster), etc.)
 * пѣш-, пѣх- (пѣшıй (on foot), пѣхота (infantry), доспѣхи (armour)...)
 * прѣть (sweat, rot), прѣнıе (sweating), but “пренıе” (argument)
 * Рогнѣда (Rogneda), рѣсница (eyelash)
 * рѣпа (turnip), but: “репейникъ (greater burdock)”
 * рѣд-, рѣѕ-, рѣж- (рѣдкıй (uncommon), рѣдька (radish), рѣѕать (to cut), etc.)
 * рѣт- (иѕобрѣтать (to invent), обрѣсти (to obtain), встрѣтить (to meet), etc.) but: “ѕапретъ (ban)”
 * рѣч-, рѣк- (рѣка (river), рѣчка (small river), рѣчной (from or on river))
 * рѣш- (прорѣха (hole, tear), рѣшать (choose), рѣшето (sieve), рѣшетка (lattice), рѣшка (tails of a coin), etc.)
 * Сергѣй (Sergey), свирѣль (svirel flute), свирѣпъıй (ferocious), сѣверъ (north), сѣдой (grey-haired), слѣпой (blind), стрѣха (eaves)
 * свѣж (fresh) and derivatives (освѣжать (to refresh), etc.)
 * стѣна (wall) and derivatives (ѕастѣнокъ (torture chamber), ѕастѣнчивъıй (shy), ...)
 * сѣсть (to sit) and derivatives (сѣлъ (sat), сѣдло (saddle), сосѣдъ (neighbour), ...)
 * свѣт-, свѣч-
 * сѣно (hay), сѣни (hall, railroad carriage), сѣра (sulfur, earwax), сѣръıй (grey-coloured)
 * сѣвъ (sowing), сѣмѧ (seed), сѣѧть (to sow, to spread), раѕсѣѧннъıй (inattentive), etc., but “семьѧ (family)”, “семенить (to mince (along))”
 * сѣнь (shade, foliage) (осѣнѧть (to overhang, to dawn upon))
 * сѣт- (сѣть (net), посѣщать (to visit), сѣтовать (to complain), etc.)
 * сѣч-, сѣк- (сѣчь (to slash), подсѣкать (cut down trees, to puzzle), etc.)
 * слѣд- (слѣдствıе (effect, investigation, trial), въислѣживать (to track down smth.), наслѣдство (legacy, inheritance, heirloom), etc.)
 * смѣх- (смѣѧтьсѧ (to laugh), въисмѣивать (to ridicule), etc.)
 * снѣг-
 * спѣ- (успѣхъ (success), поспѣшно (hastily))
 * стрѣл- (стрѣльбище (shooting range), etc.)
 * Телѣга (cart), тѣсто (dough)
 * тѣ- (ѕатѣѧ (undertaking, amusement), утѣха (amusement, consolation))
 * тѣло (body), but: “стелить (to lay, make (bed))”, “постель (bed)”
 * тѣнь (shadow) (оттѣнокъ (nuance, tint), etc.)
 * тѣснъıй (narrow, small) (стѣснѧть (to hinder, to embarrass), etc.)
 * Хлѣвъ (barn), хрѣнъ (object, thingy)
 * хлѣб-, but: “хлебать (to eat, gulp down)”, “похлебка (soup, pottage)”
 * хѣръ (old name of letter Х)
 * Цѣвьıо, цѣвка, цѣвница
 * цвѣт-, цвѣч- (цвѣла (bloom), цвѣтенье (blooming), etc.)
 * цѣд- (цѣдить (to filter), цѣженнъıй (filtered))
 * цѣл- (цѣлъıй (whole), цѣловать (to kiss), etc.)
 * цѣн- (цѣна (cost), оцѣнка (grade, assessment), etc.)
 * цѣп- (цѣпь (chain), цѣплѧть (to hook), оцѣпенѣть (to become rigid), etc.)
 * ѣхать (to go), ѣѕдить (to go), въıѣѕжать (to exit, to break in (by a horse)), etc.
 * ѣда (food), ѣсть (to eat), ѣла (she ate), etc., but: “есмь”, “есть” (forms of the word «быть»)

Those familiar with the Ukrainian language could’ve spotted a similarity between these words and words in Ukrainian with the same meaning. There’s even a comparative rule of a sort: if a Ukrainian word has a letter “І”, where a similar word in Russian has a letter “Е”, more then likely, that before the revolution, a Yat was used in that word instead:
 * (rus) река — (ukr) ріка → рѣка (river)
 * (rus) печенег — (ukr) печеніг → печенѣгъ (Pechenegs)
 * (rus) есть — (ukr) їсти → ѣсть (to eat)
 * (rus) лес — (ukr) ліс → лѣсъ (forest)
 * (rus) Днестр — (ukr) Дністер → Днѣстръ (Dniester)

But I advise you to not rely on this rule too much, as in Ukrainian there’s also such a thing as a “New Yat”: when [e] in closed syllables transformed into [i], while no such changes occurred in Russian:


 * (rus) клещ — (ukr) кліщ → клещъ (tick)

Besides that, verbs that end on “-ѣть”, “-ѣлъ”, “-ѣла”, “-ѣло”, “-ѣетъ”, “-ѣвши” та “-ѣвать” are always written with a Yat (кипѣть, видѣлъ, грѣла) except for verbs that end on “-мереть”, “-переть”, “-тереть”. Validation rule: if the word does not have a suffix in the past tense, the word is written with "E" (умеръ — умереть), but if it ends with one of the aforementioned endings, we write it with Yat (видѣть — видѣла).

In verb nouns, the suffixes “-ѣванıе” and “-ѣнıе” are only written if there’s a corresponding verb: “ѕрѣть — ѕрѣнıе” (to see - eyesight), “тлѣть — тлѣнıе” (to smoulder, to rot – smouldering, rotting), “грѣть — нагрѣванıе” (to heat - heating), but “ученıе” (training), “растенıе” (plant), because there are no such verbs as “учѣть” or “растѣть”. The exception to this is the word “веденıе” (from “вести”, to lead) that is written like that to distinguish it from the word “вѣдѣнıе” (knowledge, from Church Slavonic “вѣдѣти”).

In the endings of pronouns, nouns, and adjectives in the dative and locative cases, yat is always written instead of “-е”: мнѣ, на конѣ, по водѣ, о морѣ, but “я въишелъ въ поле” (accusative case), “чистое поле” (nominative case). Yat is also written in adverbs and prepositions formed from nouns with dative and locative cases: “вчужѣ”, “вновѣ”, “вскорѣ”, “горѣ” (“up”), “доколѣ”, “втайнѣ”, “втунѣ”, “иѕвнѣ”, “навеселѣ”, etc.

Yat is also written in comparative words: “бъистрѣе (faster)”, “сильнѣйшаѧ (strongest)”, unless it ends with a singular “e”: “глубже (deeper)”, “раньше (before)”.

Words “далѣе (hereinafter, further)”, “болѣе (more)”, “менѣе (less)”, “ѕаранѣе (beforehand)” and “долѣе (longer)” have shortened forms, that are mostly used in poetry: “далѣ”, “болѣ”, “менѣ”, “ѕаранѣ” and “долѣ”.

And finally, the words “они (they)”, “оба (both)” and “одни” (inflexion of оди́н, one) in the feminine and neuter genders have yat in all cases: “онѣ”, “однѣхъ”, “обѣихъ”, etc.

Grammar
Although the grammar corresponds to the standard grammar of the Russian language, the peculiarities of the local dialects of the Russian language, especially from the dialects of the American Governorate, which are slowly becoming "codifying dialects", are increasingly entering the spoken language (and, accordingly, private newspapers).

The main features of this are:
 * Possessive pronouns consistently have ending "-ой": и́хной, ево́ной, еѧ́ной.
 * Adverbs denoting place consistently have ending "-ека": тамека, здесека, тутека.
 * Adjectives ending in "-нный" are consistently rendered as "-ной": деревѧной, постоѧной
 * Dative and accusative merge into a single case: "Я грамматику научилсѧ" instead of "Я грамматике научилсѧ".
 * There is no consonant mutation during conjugation of the verbs "глядеть", "мочь".
 * Я гляду, ты глядишь, он/она/оно глядит, мы глядим, вы глядите, они глядѧт
 * Я могу, ты могиш, он/она/оно могет, мы могем, вы могете, они могут
 * Nouns of Type-III declension feel unnatural in a live conversation and turn into the first declension masculine or feminine. The latter happens with the ending -ка: "дочка", "тетрада" instead of "дочь", "тетрадь"

How to write in Soviet Russian
The Soviet standard of the Russian language more or less corresponds to the Russian language of our world of the 1918 reform. These rules also apply to the Russian Latin script.

Writing systems
As of 1930, Soviet literature is written in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Latin is considered to be the "prestige" script and everything "important" and "pertaining the union" is written in it.

Cyrillic

 * Letters “З”, “Ф”, “Я”, "І" and "Ѣ" are replaced with “Ѕ”, “Ѳ”, “Ѧ”, "И" and "Е" in all cases.
 * Attempts at changing “IO” with a specialized letter failed. This digraph continues to be used in all cases. If Unicode allowed that, it would also be a special unitary letter instead of a digraph.
 * Letter “Ѵ” is removed.
 * Letter “Ъ” is stopped being normatively used as a final symbol in a word after a consonant and only remains as a punctuation mark to separate iotated vowels from previous consonants. Using apostrophe, however, is proving to be more popular ("объект" vs. "об’ект")
 * Letter “Ы” is replaced with Digraphs “ЪІ” and “ЪИ” are replaced with one letter "Ы".

Latin

 * Vowels with diacritics denote "softened" iotated vowels: /ʲa/, /ʲe/, /ʲu/, /ʲo/ (ь+а, etc.). True iotated vowels (й+а) are denoted by the letters "j"+vowel.
 * The letter "J" denotes both palatalization and the letter "Й". The reason for that is that in most cases only consonants can be soft, while "Й" is usually only placed after a vowel. Though there are exceptions, this rule is regular enough to be considered normative. This is also the reason why Soviet Latin doesn't have an equivalent to the letter "Ъ".
 * If an iotated letter comes after a palatalized consonant (счастье), only the iotated letter is written ("scastje", not "scastjje").

Stylistic changes

 * All the names of important positions, jobs, and events are shortened to one word: “дарм” instead of “действущаѧ армиѧ”, “генсек” instead of “генеральный секретарь”, “ликбез” instead of “ликвидациѧ безграмотности”, “миннарпрос” instead of “Мин. Нар. Пр.” (Ministry of National Education).
 * In our Russian printing, the use of a period at the end of the title is not allowed. It is in their Russian: write "Предисловие." instead of "Предисловие".

Suffixes, prefixes, etc.

 * Compound adjectives with the conjunctions o and e, denoting shades of colours, are written without a hyphen.
 * (mro) тёмно-красный, сине-зелёный — (po) тıомнокрасный, синеѕелıоный. (dark blue, bluishgreen)
 * The plural endings -ра is replaced with -ръı, -хи with -ха, -ты with -та
 * (mro) цехи — (po) цеха.
 * (mro) торты - (po) торта.
 * (mro) кондуктора, доктора, дома - (po) кондукторы, докторы, домы.

Correct spelling of words

 * "то есть" is written with a hyphen like so: "то-есть".
 * "адэкватнъıй, диэта, лэди, пенснэ" is written instead of modern "адекватный, диета, леди, пенсне".
 * Same with (mrl) "мэр" — "мер".
 * (mrl) "бильярд" — "биллиард".
 * (mrl) "вариант" — "варьѧнт".
 * (mrl) "лояльный" — "лойѧльнъıй".
 * (mrl) "не хватает, за границей" — "нехватает, ѕаграницей".
 * (mrl) "по-видимому, по-прежнему, по-пустому" — "повидимому, попрежнему, попустому".
 * (mrl) "вовремя, вовсю, восвояси" — "во-времѧ, во-всю, во-своѧси".
 * (mrl) "на днях" — "на-днѧх".
 * (mrl) "бортмеханик" та "метрдотель" — "борт-механик", "метр-д-отель".
 * (mrl) "панцирь, цинга, циновка, цирюльник" — "панцъирь, цъинга, цъиновка, цъирюльник".
 * (mrl) "жёлудь, чёрт" — "жолудь, чорт".
 * (mrl) "идти" — "итти".
 * (mrl) "асбест" — "аѕбест".
 * (mrl) "мотыга" — "мотъика".
 * (mrl) "заведовать" — "ѕаведъивать".
 * (mrl) "танцевать, каравай, плавучий" — "танцовать, коровай, пловучий".
 * (mrl) "снегирь" — "снигирь".
 * (mrl) "констатировать" — "константировать"
 * (mrl) "проблема" — "промблема"
 * Some geographical names are written with a hyphen or just differentely:
 * (mrl) Чехословакия — Чехо-Словакиѧ.
 * (mrl) Югославия — Юго-Славиѧ.
 * (mrl) Нижневолжская область — Нижне-Волжскаѧ область.
 * (mrl) Дальневосточная Республика — Дальне-Восточнаѧ Республика.
 * (mrl) Каракалпакская АО — Кара-Калпакскаѧ АО.
 * (mrl) Соединённые Штаты Америки — Северо-Американские Соединıонные Штаты

Dictionary and gallery
Словник російської мови/Russian Dictionary

Here you can see the comparison between three styles of Russian orthography.