Ukrainian language

Ukrainian language or Rusykéj language (hal. україньска мова, IPA: [ukrɑ̽ˈjɪnʲsʲkɑ̽ ˈmɔwɑ̽]) is an East Slavic language. It is considered the national language of the Ukrainian people and the Ukrainian diaspora worldwide.

Officially, the Ukrainian language is regarded as a pluricentric Ausbau paradigm with four codified (five if you count Crimean Tatar) specific regional variants: Cossack Standardized Ukrainian, Sloboda Standardized Ukrainian, Halécs Standardized Ukrainian, and Rusén Standardized Ukrainian.

A high level of mutual intelligibility allows speakers to communicate with each other without the need for a lingua franca (if such a language is needed, Russian, Polish, or Esperanto may be used, depending on the individual's education), which also contributes to the emergence of "surzsék" - a dialect of the Ukrainian language that incorporates elements from all standards simultaneously.

Alphabets
The Ukrainian language uses two styles of Cyrillic script: the Ruthenian script (known as "rutenivka") and the Zselechiv script (known as "zselechivka"). The Cossack and Sloboda standards of the Ukrainian language use the Ruthenian script, while the Halécs and Rusén standards of the Ukrainian language use the Zselechiv script. Among these two standards, only the Zselechiv script is fully supported by Unicode.

Additionally, due to local laws, the Ukrainian diaspora in the Russian State uses a so-called "jarézska" - Russian alphabet adapted to the Ukrainian language.

Ruthenian script
Ruthenian script

Rutenivka is a phonetic spelling used for the Cossack and Sloboda standards of the Ukrainian language. It was created by Témos Chmelynéckéj and his scribes based on the Cossack skoropés/shorthand and adapted to the phonetic orthography that was trendy in the 19th century Ukrainian.

It consists of 35 letters and three cases (Decorum-Upper-Lower).

To denote vowels in borrowed words that are not characteristic of the Ukrainian language, two special letters are used: Ь (jerék) and Ъ (jere). They are used in place of these vowels when writing.

Ь (jerék) replaces:
 * types of E and I “alien” to Ukrainians (ɨ, œ, æ)
 * Short vowels Е, И, І
 * Any unstressed Е, И, І (schwa, ə)

Ъ (jere) replaces:
 * types of А, О, U “alien” to Ukrainians (ɯ, ɵ, ɤ, ø̞)
 * Short vowels А, О, U
 * Any unstressed А, О, U (schwa, ə)

This was done for the sake of standardisation, so when a person sees, for example, "пенсьл" or "мемърі," they understand how to pronounce it. This is particularly useful with English, where schwa is the most commonly used vowel.

Apart from that, Ruthenian also has a developed system of auxiliary diacritics. They are normative and required to be used in standard correspondence and newspapers.

The titlo is the only diacritic not presented here, nevertheless, it is also a common way of abbreviation (examples of this can be seen below).

Zselechiv script
Zselechivka is a phonetic script used for the Halécs and Rusén standards of the Ukrainian language. It was created by Jevhen Zselechivsykéj based on the Russian civil script and the phonetic orthography that was widespread in the Ukrainian language at that time (with some modifications) for his own "Malorussian-German Dictionary," which was fully published in 1886.

Since its creation, the orthography has been modified several times to allow for the writing of other standards of the Ukrainian language and for standardization.

Zselechivka consists of 35 letters and two digraphs.

Jarézska
"Jarézska" (from the name of the Cyrillic letter "ы" - "jeré") is a humorous/derogatory term for the Russian orthography that was used for writing and printing works in the Ukrainian language in the Russian Empire. Jarézska includes all the letters of modern Imperial Russian.

As noted by the Ukrainian scholar Agatangel Krémskéj, even before 1876, particularly in the first half of the 19th century, Ukrainian writers such as Hréhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Jevhen Hrebinka, Taras Sevcsenko, and others used Jarézska. From 1798 to 1876, the use of Jarézska was not mandatory in the territory of the Russian Empire, but it was quite common due to the lack of a standardized orthography for the Ukrainian language (alternatives to Jarézska were Ruthenian orthography and newly created Ukrainian spelling systems).

After 1876, the use of Jarézska became mandatory due to the ban on the use of the Ukrainian language in the Russian Empire, according to the Ems Ukaz of 1876, which prohibited the use of the Ukrainian language in all spheres, including the use of a separate Ukrainian orthography and a separate Ukrainian alphabet, in writing and printing. Censorship in the Russian Empire allowed only texts written or printed in the Russian Cyrillic alphabet to be published.

The Ems Ukaz was in effect until 1905, and after its abolition, Jarézska fell out of use. However, in 1915, at the beginning of World War I, the Russian authorities reinstated the Ems Ukaz of 1876, closing all Ukrainian publishing houses that did not switch to Jarézska. By 1930, Ukrainians in the Russian State continue to use Jarézska, but according to phonetic principles, in contrast to the former similarity to the Russian orthography.

Latin
"All-Ukrainian Scientific Latin" or "AUSL" is the national standard for Ukrainian Latin script, approved in 1924-1925. It is applied to any Ukrainian texts that need to be transliterated using the Latin alphabet. It is based on the Latin standard of the Hungarian language, partly due to its moderate usage in the territory of Carpathian Ukraine.

AUSL consists of 26 letters, 5 digraphs, and three trigraphs.

Braille
The Braille script for the Ukrainian language was developed in the late 19th century in the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on German Braille with elements from Russian and Bulgarian Braille systems. The final version was adopted in 1926.

Morse
The Morse code for the Ukrainian language was developed in the early 20th century in Saint Petersburg and officially approved in February 1921.


 * 1) Letters "Ô" and "ЪІ" don't have an equivalent in Morse. Letters "У" and "Й" respectively are used instead.

How to write in Cossack Standardized Ukrainian
Cossack Standardized Ukrainian is based on the 1918—1921 Ukrainian Orthography or VUAN Orthography in combination with the peculiarities of the Ruthenian script. The codifying dialects are the Central Dnieper and the Steppe dialects of Ukrainian, taking into account previous attempts to unify the orthography.

Below are the differences between Cossack Ukrainian Orthography (cuo) and Modern Ukrainian Orthography (muo).

Letters

 * Iotated letters come from Old Slavonic rules of Iotation. Instead of (Я, Ю, Є, ЙО) Ruthenian uses (ІА, ІУ, ІЄ, ІО)
 * (muo) яблуко — (cuo) ıаблуко (apple) [ˈjabɫuko]
 * (muo) Ющенко — (cuo) Іущенко (Yushchenko) [ˈjuʃt͡ʃenko]
 * (muo) сьогодні — (cuo) сıогод нї (today) [sʲoˈɦod̪n̪̪ʲi]
 * (muo) барельєф — (cuo) бареʌ&#785;ıєф (bas-relief) [bɐrelʲˈjɛf]
 * ѣ is used to mark [ji], [ʲi] digraphs
 * (muo) з’їси — (cuo) зѣсӥ (will eat) [zjiˈsɪ]
 * (muo) їдальня — (cuo) ѣд аʌ&#785;нıа (canteen) [jidalʲnʲa]
 * Ї replaces I.
 * (muo) Січ — (cuo) Сїч (Sich) [ˈsit͡ʃ]
 * (muo) іконопис — (cuo) їконопӥс (icon art) [iˈkɔn̪opɘs̪]
 * Ӥ replaces И.
 * (muo) гмикнути — (cuo) гмӥкнутӥ (to say “hm”) [ɦˈmɪkn̪ʊt̪e]
 * Є replaces Е.
 * (muo) енциклопедія — (cuo) єнцӥклопєд їıа (encyclopedia) [en̪t͡sɘkɫoˈpɛd̪ija]
 * (muo) президент — (cuo) пρєзӥд єнm (president) [prez̪ɘˈd̪ɛn̪t̪]
 * The letters Д and Л are written in a "Greek manner": Д д, Ʌ ʌ.
 * S replaces ДЗ when it represents /d͡z/ sound. (sєρкало (mirror) [ˈd̪͡zɛrkɐɫo], sвїнӥцıа (bell tower) [d̪͡zwiˈn̪ɪt͡sʲɐ], but пїдзємнє (underground) [pid̪ˈz̪ɛmn̪e])
 * Ӂ replaces ДЖ when it represents /d͡ʒ/ sound. (ӂєρєло (source) [d̪͡ʒɘrɘˈlɔ], ӂаз (jazz) [ˈd̪͡ʒɑz̪], але пїджӥвлєн̃ıа (fueling) [pid̪ˈʒɪʋɫeɲ:a])
 * A symbol sister to G replaces Ґ.
 * The letter "Ф" is used exclusively in "new" and "cited" foreign words and proper names: "Франція," "фваґра," "фабрика." In "similar" and "ruthenized" words and proper names, "хв" is always used – "хворма," "кахведра," "кахволик," "Хведір."
 * In general, all words of Greek origin (even if borrowed from Latin) and words that have been in common use since at least the mid-18th century will consistently be written with "хв," except in cases of individual authorial discretion.
 * Palatalization (the soft sign or Ь) is represented with diacritics ̑ (ρусин&#785;с&#785;ка, поʌ&#785;с&#785;кӥй)
 * Long consonants and vowels are represented with ~ (под овжєн̃ꙗ, мовʌєн̃ꙗ, Ãρон)

Stylistic changes

 * Rules about placing stresses varies depending on text’s nature. In print, all words have to be stressed. But you can omit them in handwriting.
 * Ukrainian “Rule of Nine” (in loaned and adapted words, all /i/ change into /ɪ/ after letters д, т, з, с, ц, ж, ш, ч, р) isn’t used. Cossacks always use "Ӥ".
 * (muo) міністр — (cuo) мӥнӥстρ
 * (muo) Зімбабве — (cuo) Зӥмбабве
 * Decorum. Decorum case, or “decorative letters” are a type of letters, semi-independent from capital letters, used at the start of passages, in personal names and abbreviations.
 * A titlo is used when shortening or abbreviating words. Titlo is also used above Cyrillic numerals.
 * (muo) ВУАН — (cuo) ВУ҃АН
 * Cyrillic numerals are used in a similar way as we currently use Latin numerals (centuries, years, ordinal numbers, etc.).
 * (muo) XX століття — (cuo) К҃ стоʌїm&#771;ꙗ

Differentiation of Foreign Loanwords
Ruthenian script also categorises loanwords based on levels of their assimilation:
 * Ruthenised: fully assimilated in writing and pronunciation.
 * Similar: partially assimilated in writing, pronunciation or in grammatical case.
 * Cited: writing remains the same, but pronunciation may change.
 * New: The word only recently appeared in Ruthenian vocabulary.

The All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is responsible for publishing a dictionary of borrowings and updating it every 20-30 years, determining the level of assimilation of each word.

Users of Ruthenian script also replace vowels that represent sounds “alien” to them with two specialised letters: Ь and Ъ.

Ь (jerék) replaces:
 * types of E and I “alien” to Ukrainians (ɨ, œ, æ)
 * Short vowels Е, И, І
 * Any unstressed Е, И, І (schwa, ə)

Ъ (jere) replaces:
 * types of А, О, U “alien” to Ukrainians (ɯ, ɵ, ɤ, ø̞)
 * Short vowels А, О, U
 * Any unstressed А, О, U (шва, ə)

Grammar

 * Ukrainian apostrophe doesn’t exist in Ruthenian script. Instead, there is a special “Iotation rule”: if there’s an iotated vowel after letters б, п, в, м, ф, the sound [j] continues to be heard separately in the composition (alternatively, the letters are pronounced extra hard):
 * (сuo) свıаmий [s̪wjaˈt̪ɪj] — (muo) святий [s̪wʲaˈt̪ɪj]
 * (сuo) пıуρє [pjuˈrɛ] — (muo) пюре [pʲuˈrɛ]
 * The letter И is always placed instead of I at the beginning of a word, before the letter Н:
 * (muo) інший — (сuo) ӥншӥй
 * The letter М is followed by the prothetic Н before any palatalised vowel:
 * (muo) полум’я — (сuo) поʌумнꙗ
 * (muo) м’ясо — (сuo) мнꙗсо
 * The letter Р before the letter А, and the letter Р without anything at the end of the word, are always softened:
 * (muo) град — (сuo) гρꙗд
 * (muo) квартира — (сuo) квαρmӥρꙗ
 * After doubled sibilants "ж", "ч", "ш" at the end of words, we write "ꙗ", "ıу":
 * збїж&#771;ꙗ, кʌоч&#771;ꙗ
 * The particle "-сꙗ" should be written together with the verb:
 * (huo) пρосиmь сꙗ — (сuo) пρосӥm&#771;сꙗ
 * (huo) носиmь сꙗ — (сuo) носӥm&#771;сꙗ
 * The letter Л in foreign words is not softened, except for the words "рельєфний" (embossed), "барельєф" (bas-relief), "льє" (is pouring), "мільйон" (million), "бульйон" (bouillon)
 * (huo) кляса — (сuo) кʌαса
 * (huo) клюб — (сuo) кʌуб
 * Foreign diphthongs "au," is rendered as "ав" respectively: "автор", "Австрія", "Шопенгавер".
 * Particles "-іа" and "-іе" are iotated:
 * (muo) проєкт — (сuo) пρоѥкm
 * (muo) матеріал — (сuo) мαmєρїꙗʌ

How to write in Haléch Standardized Ukrainian
Haléch Ukrainian uses "Zselechivka" as its basis. The codifying dialect is the "Haléch" (Transnistrian), taking into account previous attempts at orthographic unification.

Below are the differences between Haléch Ukrainian Orthography (huo) and Modern Ukrainian Orthography (muo).

Letters

 * Iotated letters come from Old Slavonic rules of Iotation. Instead of (Я, Ю, Є, ЙО) Zselechivka uses (ІА, ІУ, ІЄ, ІО)
 * (muo) яблуко — (huo) ꙗблуко
 * The sound [g] is consistently represented by ґ, and the affricates [d͡ʒ] and [d͡z] are represented by дж and дз respectively: "ґанок", "зоольоґіꙗ", "ґава", "ґедз", "ґρинджоли".
 * The letter "Ї" is used instead of "І", when that "I" doesn't turn into "О" in genitive declension and after letters д-т-з-с-ц-л-н:
 * сік — соку, but сїк — сїкла

Stylistic differences

 * Rules about placing stresses vary depending on the text’s nature. In print, all words have to be stressed. But you can omit them in handwriting.
 * Rule of Nine (in loaned and adapted words, all /i/ change into /ɪ/ after letters д, т, з, с, ц, ж, ш, ч, р) is in use.
 * Cyrillic numerals are used in a similar way as we currently use Latin numerals (centuries, years, ordinal numbers, etc.).
 * (muo) XX століття - (huo) К҃ столїmѥ
 * "щодо" is written as "що-до"
 * An apostrophe is placed between the prefix and the root of the word, provided that it is not a labial sound (б, п, в, м, ф) before an iotated letter:
 * "з'єднати", "з'явище", "з'їзд", "під'земне", but "мякий", "мясо", etc.

Grammar

 * In neuter nouns, final consonants are not lengthened and "ѥ" is used instead of "ꙗ":
 * (muo) зілля — (cuo) зіл&#771;ꙗ — (huo) зїлѥ
 * (muo) життя — (cuo) жӥm&#771;ꙗ — (huo) жиmѥ
 * (muo) знання — (cuo) ηнαн&#771;ꙗ — (huo) знанѥ
 * Adjective suffixes -ський, -цький are never softened:
 * (muo) український — (huo) укρаїньский
 * (muo) німецький — (huo) нїмецкий
 * The letters "З", "Ц" and "С" are always palatalised before the letter "В" or any other hard labial sound:
 * сьміх, сьвято, сьвіт, цьвях, цьвіρкати, зьвіρ;
 * The letter Л in loanwords is always palatalized:
 * (muo) лорд — (huo) люрд
 * (muo) кілометр — (huo) кілюметρ
 * The particle "-ся" is written separately from the verb, as are the gerund endings "-му," "-меш," "-ме" in the imperfect future tense.
 * (muo) учиться — (huo) учить ся (or ся учить).
 * (muo) являється — (huo) являєть ся (or ся являєть).
 * (muo) сміятися — (huo) сьміяти ся (or ся сьміяти).
 * (muo) робитиме — (huo) робити ме (or ме робити).
 * (muo) ходитимеш — (huo) ходити меш (or меш ходити).
 * The particle "би" is written together with the word:
 * (muo) усунула би — (huo) усунулаб
 * (muo) дала би — (huo) далаб
 * First declension feminine nouns (ending in -а(-я) in the nominative case) in the genitive plural will have the ending "-ів":
 * (muo) проблем — (huo) проблѥмів
 * (muo) хат — (huo) хатів
 * Second declension masculine nouns (those that either do not have a final vowel or end in -о) will have the ending "-а," not "-у" in the genitive case.
 * (muo) світу — (huo) сьвіта
 * (muo) цукру — (huo) цукρа
 * The form of the demonstrative pronoun "цей, цꙗ, це" has the form "сей, сꙗ, сe"
 * Foreign particles "-іа", "-іе", "-іо" are always iotated:
 * (muo) проєкт — (huo) пρоѥкт
 * (muo) матеріал — (huo) матеρіꙗл
 * (muo) піонер — (huo) піюнеρ

How to write in Rusén Standardized Ukrainian
Rusyn Ukrainian uses "Panykevécsivka" as its basis, which is a modified etymological Orthography of Maksémovéch combined with the principles of "zselechivka". The codifying dialects are the Carpatho-Rusyn and Lemko languages/dialects of Ukrainian, taking into account previous attempts at orthographic unification.

Below are the differences between Rusyn Ukrainian Orthography (ruo), Modern Carpathian Rusyn Orthography (mro) and Modern Ukrainian Orthography (muo).

Letters

 * Iotated letters come from Old Slavonic rules of Iotation. Instead of (Я, Ю, Є, ЙО) Zselechivka uses (ІА, ІУ, ІЄ, ІО)
 * (muo) яблуко — (mro) яблыко — (ruo) ꙗблыко
 * The sound [g] is consistently represented by ґ, and the affricates [d͡ʒ] and [d͡z] are represented by дж and дз respectively: "ґанок", "зоольоґіꙗ", "ґава", "ґедз", "ґρинджоли".
 * The letter "Ї" may be replaced with a yat following the etymological principle.
 * Carpatho-Rusyn letter Ӯ is always replaced by the letter Ô.
 * (cro) кӯстка — (ruo) кôстка

Stylistic changes

 * Rules about placing stresses varies depending on text’s nature. In print, all words have to be stressed. But you can omit them in handwriting.
 * A titlo is used when shortening or abbreviating words. Titlo is also used above Cyrillic numerals.
 * (muo) ВУАН — (ruo) ВУ҃АН
 * Cyrillic numerals are used in a similar way as we currently use Latin numerals (centuries, years, ordinal numbers, etc.).
 * (muo) XX століття — (ruo) К҃ стоʌїm&#771;ꙗ

Grammar

 * The letter М is followed by the prothetic Н before any palatalised vowel. The letter В, Б is followed by the prothetic Л before any palatalised vowel. :
 * (muo) полум’я — (ruo) деревлꙗнъıй
 * (muo) м’ясо — (ruo) мнꙗсо

How to write in Sloboda Standardized Ukrainian
Sloboda Standardized Ukrainian is based on the Orthography of Kharkiv or Skrépnékivka in combination with the peculiarities of the Ruthenian script. The codifying dialects are the Sloboda and the Steppe dialects of Ukrainian, taking into account previous attempts to unify the orthography.

Below are the differences between Sloboda Ukrainian Orthography (suo) and Modern Ukrainian Orthography (muo).

Letters

 * Iotated letters come from Old Slavonic rules of Iotation. Instead of (Я, Ю, Є, ЙО) Ruthenian uses (ІА, ІУ, ІЄ, ІО)
 * (muo) яблуко — (suo) ıаблуко (apple) [ˈjabɫuko]
 * (muo) Ющенко — (suo) Іущенко (Yushchenko) [ˈjuʃt͡ʃenko]
 * (muo) сьогодні — (suo) сıогод нї (today) [sʲoˈɦod̪n̪̪ʲi]
 * (muo) барельєф — (suo) бареʌ&#785;ıєф (bas-relief) [bɐrelʲˈjɛf]
 * ѣ is used to mark [ji], [ʲi] digraphs
 * (muo) з’їси — (suo) зѣсӥ (will eat) [zjiˈsɪ]
 * (muo) їдальня — (suo) ѣд аʌ&#785;нıа (canteen) [jidalʲnʲa]
 * Ї replaces I.
 * (muo) Січ — (suo) Сїч (Sich) [ˈsit͡ʃ]
 * (muo) іконопис — (suo) їконопӥс (icon art) [iˈkɔn̪opɘs̪]
 * Ӥ replaces И.
 * (muo) гмикнути — (suo) гмӥкнутӥ (to say “hm”) [ɦˈmɪkn̪ʊt̪e]
 * Є replaces Е.
 * (muo) енциклопедія — (suo) єнцӥклопєд їıа (encyclopedia) [en̪t͡sɘkɫoˈpɛd̪ija]
 * (muo) президент — (suo) пρєзӥд єнm (president) [prez̪ɘˈd̪ɛn̪t̪]
 * The letters Д and Л are written in a "Greek manner": Д д, Ʌ ʌ.
 * S replaces ДЗ when it represents /d͡z/ sound. (sєρкало (mirror) [ˈd̪͡zɛrkɐɫo], sвїнӥцıа (bell tower) [d̪͡zwiˈn̪ɪt͡sʲɐ], but пїдзємнє (underground) [pid̪ˈz̪ɛmn̪e])
 * Ӂ replaces ДЖ when it represents /d͡ʒ/ sound. (ӂєρєло (source) [d̪͡ʒɘrɘˈlɔ], ӂаз (jazz) [ˈd̪͡ʒɑz̪], але пїджӥвлєн̃ıа (fueling) [pid̪ˈʒɪʋɫeɲ:a])
 * A symbol sister to G replaces Ґ.
 * The letter "Ф" is used exclusively in "new" and "cited" foreign words and proper names: "Франція," "фваґра," "фабрика." In "similar" and "ruthenized" words and proper names, "х" is always used – "хорма," "кахедра," "кахолик," "Хедір."
 * In general, all words of Greek origin (even if borrowed from Latin) and words that have been in common use since at least the mid-18th century will consistently be written with "х," except in cases of individual authorial discretion.
 * Palatalization (the soft sign or Ь) is represented with diacritics ̑ (ρусин&#785;с&#785;ка, поʌ&#785;с&#785;кӥй)
 * Long consonants and vowels are represented with ~ (под овжєн̃ꙗ, мовʌєн̃ꙗ, Ãρон)
 * All words with an initial vowel receive a symbol of devoicing ("ῒсmорїꙗ," pronounced "гісторія").

Stylistic changes

 * Rules about placing stresses varies depending on text’s nature. In print, all words have to be stressed. But you can omit them in handwriting.
 * Ukrainian “Rule of Nine” (in loaned and adapted words, all /i/ change into /ɪ/ after letters д, т, з, с, ц, ж, ш, ч, р) isn’t used. Sloboda Cossacks always use "Ӥ".
 * (muo) міністр — (suo) мӥнӥстеρ
 * (muo) Зімбабве — (suo) Зӥмбабве
 * Decorum. Decorum case, or “decorative letters” are a type of letters, semi-independent from capital letters, used at the start of passages, in personal names and abbreviations.
 * A titlo is used when shortening or abbreviating words. Titlo is also used above Cyrillic numerals.
 * (muo) ВУАН — (suo) ВУ҃АН
 * Cyrillic numerals are used in a similar way as we currently use Latin numerals (centuries, years, ordinal numbers, etc.).
 * (muo) XX століття — (suo) К҃ стоʌїm&#771;ꙗ

Differentiation of Foreign Loanwords
Ruthenian script also categorises loanwords based on levels of their assimilation:
 * Ruthenised: fully assimilated in writing and pronunciation.
 * Similar: partially assimilated in writing, pronunciation or in grammatical case.
 * Cited: writing remains the same, but pronunciation may change.
 * New: The word only recently appeared in Ruthenian vocabulary.

The All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is responsible for publishing a dictionary of borrowings and updating it every 20-30 years, determining the level of assimilation of each word.

Ruthenians also replace vowels that represent sounds “alien” to them with two specialised letters: Ь and Ъ.

Ь (jerék) replaces:
 * types of E and I “alien” to Ruthenians (ɨ, œ, æ)
 * Short vowels Е, И, І
 * Any unstressed Е, И, І (schwa, ə)

Ъ (jere) replaces:
 * types of А, О, U “alien” to Ruthenians (ɯ, ɵ, ɤ, ø̞)
 * Short vowels А, О, U
 * Any unstressed А, О, U (шва, ə)

Grammar

 * Ukrainian apostrophe doesn’t exist in Ruthenian script. Instead, there is a special “Iotation rule”: if there’s an iotated vowel after letters б, п, в, м, ф, the sound [j] continues to be heard separately in the composition (alternatively, the letters are pronounced extra hard):
 * (suo) свıаmий [s̪wjaˈt̪ɪj] — (muo) святий [s̪wʲaˈt̪ɪj]
 * (suo) пıуρє [pjuˈrɛ] — (muo) пюре [pʲuˈrɛ]
 * The dominance of the Slavenorussian language among the intelligentsia led to the partial loss of East Slavic pleophony, which later returned. Because of this, some words have two normative spelling options - with a vowel close to the Cossack standard and without a vowel:
 * (muo) голова — (suo) гоʌовα, гʌовα
 * (muo) корова — (suo) коρовα, кρовα
 * (muo) мурашка — (suo) муραвій, мραвій
 * Words with the prothetic "В" in Sloboda Ukrainian are preserved without it, except for personal pronouns (comparative rule: if in modern Russian the word is written without the initial В, then this variant should be used):
 * (muo) вікно — (suo) окно
 * (muo) віддали — (suo) од &#772;αʌӥ
 * The letter М is followed by the prothetic Н before any palatalised vowel:
 * (muo) полум’я — (suo) поʌумнꙗ
 * (muo) м’ясо — (suo) мнꙗсо
 * The letter Р before the letter А, and the letter Р without anything at the end of the word, are always softened:
 * (muo) град — (suo) гρꙗд
 * (muo) квартира — (suo) квαρmӥρꙗ
 * After doubled sibilants "ж", "ч", "ш" at the end of words, we write "ꙗ", "ıу":
 * збїж&#771;ꙗ, кʌоч&#771;ꙗ
 * The particle "-сꙗ" should be written together with the verb:
 * (huo) пρосиmь сꙗ — (suo) пρосӥm&#771;сꙗ
 * (huo) носиmь сꙗ — (suo) носӥm&#771;сꙗ
 * The letter Л in foreign words is not softened, except for the words "рельєфний" (embossed), "барельєф" (bas-relief), "льє" (is pouring), "мільйон" (million), "бульйон" (bouillon)
 * (huo) кляса — (suo) кʌαс
 * (huo) клюб — (suo) кʌуб
 * Foreign diphthongs "au," "ou," and "eu" are rendered as "ав", "ов", and "ев", respectively: "автор", "невтралітет", "Шопенгавер".
 * Particles "-іа" and "-іе" are iotated:
 * (muo) проєкт — (suo) пρоѥкm
 * (muo) матеріал — (suo) мαmєρїꙗʌ
 * Feminine nouns of the III declension ending in "-ть" are declined in the genitive singular with "-ти"
 * (muo) радості - (suo) ρад остӥ
 * Unstressed "Е" always changes to "И":
 * (muo) берег - (suo) бєρӥг
 * Greek θ (th) is always represented by т. Greek β (beta) is represented depending on where it was borrowed from: if directly from Byzantium, it is represented by В, and by Б otherwise:
 * (muo) варвар - (suo) бαρбαρ
 * (muo) Афіни - (suo) Аmєнӥ

How to write in Jarézska
Jarézska can be written either using general modern Ukrainian or one of the standards of the Ukrainian language according to Keine Zeit. The only differences (besides using the Russian Cyrillic) are:


 * The endings of verbs -ться, -шся are represented according to pronunciation as -цьця, -сся;
 * The letter "ъ" is preserved - at the end of words and as a punctuation mark.

Dictionary and gallery
Словник українських мов/General Ukrainian Dictionary

Here you can see the comparison between styles of Ukrainian orthography.